责任链模式
责任链模式,其目的是组织一个对象链处理一个如方法调用的请求。当ConcreteHandler(具体的处理程序)不知道如何满足来自Client的请求时,或它的目的不是这个时,它会委派给链中的下一个Handler(处理程序)来处理。这个设计模式通常和复合模式一起使用,其中有些叶子或容器对象默认委派操作给它们的父对象。另一个例子是,本地化通常是使用责任链处理的,当德语翻译适配器没有为翻译关键词找到合适的结果时,就返回到英语适配器或干脆直接显示关键词本身。耦合减少到最低限度:Client类不知道由哪个具体的类来处理请求;在创建对象图时配置了链;ConcreteHandlers不知道哪个对象是它们的继承者。行为在对象之间分配是成功的,链中最近的对象有优先权和责任满足请求。
实例[ ]
参与者:
◆Client(客户端):向Handler(处理程序)提交一个请求;
◆Handler(处理程序)抽象:接收一个请求,以某种方式满足它;
◆ConcreteHandlers(具体的处理程序):接收一个请求,设法满足它,如果不成功就委派给下一个处理程序。
下面的代码实现了一个最著名的责任链示例:多级缓存。
/** * The Handler abstraction. Objects that want to be a part of the * ChainOfResponsibility must implement this interface directly or via * inheritance from an AbstractHandler. */ interface KeyValueStore { /** * Obtain a value. * @param string $key * @return mixed */ public function get($key); } /** * Basic no-op implementation which ConcreteHandlers not interested in * caching or in interfering with the retrieval inherit from. */ abstract class AbstractKeyValueStore implements KeyValueStore { protected $_nextHandler; public function get($key) { return $this->_nextHandler->get($key); } } /** * Ideally the last ConcreteHandler in the chain. At least, if inserted in * a Chain it will be the last node to be called. */ class SlowStore implements KeyValueStore { /** * This could be a somewhat slow store: a database or a flat file. */ protected $_values; public function __construct(array $values = array()) { $this->_values = $values; } public function get($key) { return $this->_values[$key]; } } /** * A ConcreteHandler that handles the request for a key by looking for it in * its own cache. Forwards to the next handler in case of cache miss. */ class InMemoryKeyValueStore implements KeyValueStore { protected $_nextHandler; protected $_cached = array(); public function __construct(KeyValueStore $nextHandler) { $this->_nextHandler = $nextHandler; } protected function _load($key) { if (!isset($this->_cached[$key])) { $this->_cached[$key] = $this->_nextHandler->get($key); } } public function get($key) { $this->_load($key); return $this->_cached[$key]; } } /** * A ConcreteHandler that delegates the request without trying to * understand it at all. It may be easier to use in the user interface * because it can specialize itself by defining methods that generates * html, or by addressing similar user interface concerns. * Some Clients see this object only as an instance of KeyValueStore * and do not care how it satisfy their requests, while other ones * may use it in its entirety (similar to a class-based adapter). * No client knows that a chain of Handlers exists. */ class FrontEnd extends AbstractKeyValueStore { public function __construct(KeyValueStore $nextHandler) { $this->_nextHandler = $nextHandler; } public function getEscaped($key) { return htmlentities($this->get($key), ENT_NOQUOTES, 'UTF-8'); } } // Client code $store = new SlowStore(array('pd' => 'Philip K. Dick', 'ia' => 'Isaac Asimov', 'ac' => 'Arthur C. Clarke', 'hh' => 'Helmut Heißenbüttel')); // in development, we skip cache and pass $store directly to FrontEnd $cache = new InMemoryKeyValueStore($store); $frontEnd = new FrontEnd($cache); echo $frontEnd->get('ia'), "\n"; echo $frontEnd->getEscaped('hh'), "\n";
PHP责任链设计模式的一些实现说明[ ]
◆责任链可能已经存在于对象图中,和[[复合模式[[的例子一样;
◆此外,Handler抽象可能存在,也可能不存在,最好的选择是一个分开的Handler接口只可以执行handleRequest()操作,不要强制一个链只在一个层次中,因为后面的已经存在了;
◆也可能引入一个抽象类,但由于请求处理是一个正交关注,因此具体的类可能已经继承了其它类;
◆通过constructor 或setter,Handler(或下一个Handler)被注入到Client或前一个Handler;
◆请求对象通常是一个ValueObject,也可能被实现为一个Flyweight,在PHP中,它可能是一个标量类型,如string,注意在某些语言中,一个string就是一个不变的ValueObject。
简单的总结责任链模式,可以归纳为:用一系列类(classes)试图处理一个请求request,这些类之间是一个松散的耦合,唯一共同点是在他们之间传递request. 也就是说,来了一个请求,A类先处理,如果没有处理,就传递到B类处理,如果没有处理,就传递到C类处理,就这样象一个链条(chain)一样传递下去。